Jörg Friedrichs, Associate Professor of Politics, University of Oxford. AI governance should be examined through the lens of infrastructure. From the steam engine to electricity and the internet, every disruptive technological revolution in history has undergone an evolution from invention through adoption and diffusion to infrastructure development and institutionalized regulation.

Maxime Stauffer, Co-founder Chief Executive Officer, Simon Institute for Longterm Governance. AI governance requires a clear distinction between governance of development and governance of deployment and use; the core contradiction is that technological iteration outpaces governance construction. Current AI capabilities and safety assurances remain mismatched.

Anika Altaf, Executive Director of INCLUDE. The design authority over AI and digital public infrastructure is highly concentrated among a small number of countries and corporations, yet these systems are widely deployed across the Global South. When a country uses externally developed AI systems, relies on external data for training, and cannot audit system decisions, this effectively constitutes a cession of sovereignty.

Celina Lee, CEO of Zindi. Zindi is currently the largest data science and AI developer platform in Africa and the Global South. Through an AI competition model, Zindi aggregates global developers to provide solutions for real-world problems; participants gain public professional profiles that lead to employment opportunities.

CAI Cuihong, Deputy Director of Center for Global AI Innovative Governance; Professor of the Institute of International Studies, Fudan University. The central challenge of global AI governance lies not in a lack of institutions, but in a structural mismatch between institutional expansion and governance capacity.

Fahmi Islami, Lead Consultant in Mandala Consulting. Indonesia is one of the world’s largest internet user markets. However, Indonesia still lags significantly behind major powers in infrastructure development such as data centers and in AI talent cultivation, remaining in a transitional stage from a pure user nation to an industrial participant.

Baek Seoin, Assistant Professor, College of Global Culture and Commerce, Hanyang University. As the global AI ecosystem becomes increasingly decoupled, countries are paying growing attention to the issue of “AI sovereignty.” China and the United States occupy the first tier of AI technology, with a significant gap separating them from second-tier nations.

LI Wenlong, Research Professor, Guanghua School of Law, Zhejiang University. The authentication of AI-generated content is fast shaping up to be one of the central legal challenges in global AI governance. Four main technical approaches have been put forward for AI-gen content authentication—namely post hoc pattern detection, retrieval-based detection, content provenance (metadata based), and digital watermarking—each of which comes with its own strengths and drawbacks.